divendres, 13 de novembre del 2009
dimarts, 10 de novembre del 2009
VIDEO DE L'ACCIDENT DEL HINDENBURG
Aqui teniu el video de la catastrofe que va patir el dirigible Hindenburg.
divendres, 6 de novembre del 2009
JET'S HISTORY
The first turbine-equipped jetplane was designed on paper in late 1929 when Frank Whittle of the British Royal Air Force sent his concept to the Air Ministry to see if it would be of any interest to them. The first manufactured turbine jetplane was the Heinkel He 178 turbojet prototype of the German Air force(Luftwaffe), piloted by Erich Warsitz on August 27, 1939.
The first operational jet fighter was the Messerschmitt Me 262, made by Germany during late World War II. It was the fastest conventional aircraft of World War II — although the rocket-powered Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet was faster. Mass production started in 1944, too late for a decisive effect on the outcome of the war. About the same time, the United Kingdom's Gloster Meteor was limited to defense of the UK against the V1 flying bomb and ground-attack operations over Europe in the last months of the war. The Imperial Japanese Navy also developed jet aircraft in 1945, including the Nakajima J9Y Kikka, a crude copy of the Me-262.
The first operational jet fighter was the Messerschmitt Me 262, made by Germany during late World War II. It was the fastest conventional aircraft of World War II — although the rocket-powered Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet was faster. Mass production started in 1944, too late for a decisive effect on the outcome of the war. About the same time, the United Kingdom's Gloster Meteor was limited to defense of the UK against the V1 flying bomb and ground-attack operations over Europe in the last months of the war. The Imperial Japanese Navy also developed jet aircraft in 1945, including the Nakajima J9Y Kikka, a crude copy of the Me-262.
THE JET
A jet aircraft is an aircraft propelled by jet engines. Jet aircraft generally fly much faster than propeller-powered aircraft and at higher altitudes — as high as 10,000 to 15,000 meters (about 33,000 to 49,000 ft). At these altitudes, jet engines achieve maximum efficiency over long distances. The engines in propeller powered aircraft achieve their maximum efficiency at much lower altitudes. Jet aircraft can move faster than sound.
Henri Coandă, a Romanian Engineer, was the first to build a jet plane in 1910.
THE PLANES
A plane, is capable of flight using forward motion that causes air to pass over its wings to generate lift.
Planes include jet engine and propeller driven vehicles propelled forward by thrust, as well as unpowered aircraft
Some varieties of aircraft, such as flying wing aircraft, may lack a discernible fuselage structure and horizontal or vertical stabilizers, however the structure of a fixed-winged aircraft usually consists of the following major parts:
- A long narrow often cylindrical form, called a fuselage, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape aerodynamically smooth. The fuselage carries the human flight crew if the aircraft is piloted, the passengers if the aircraft is a passenger aircraft, other cargo or payload, and engines and/or fuel if the aircraft is so equipped.
- A long narrow often cylindrical form, called a fuselage, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape aerodynamically smooth. The fuselage carries the human flight crew if the aircraft is piloted, the passengers if the aircraft is a passenger aircraft, other cargo or payload, and engines and/or fuel if the aircraft is so equipped.
- A wing (or wings in a multiplane) with an airfoil cross-section shape, used to generate aerodynamic lifting force to support the aircraft in flight by deflecting air downward as the aircraft moves forward.
- At least one control surface (or surfaces) mounted vertically usually above the rear of the fuselage, called a vertical stabilizer.
- At least one horizontal surface at the front or back of the fuselage used to stabilize the aircraft about its pitch axis
- On powered aircraft, one or more aircraft engines are propulsion units that provide thrust to push the aircraft forward through the air.
- Landing gear, a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the aircraft while it is on the surface.
HELICOPTER'S HISTORY
It was not until the early 1480s, when Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an "aerial screw", that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built small flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the whole craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became more accepted, men continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. Many of these later models and machines would more closely resemble the ancient bamboo flying top with spinning wings, rather than Da Vinci's screw.
In July 1754, Mikhail Lomonosov demonstrated a small coaxial rotor to the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was powered by a spring and suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments. In 1783, Christian de Launoy, and his mechanic, Bienvenu, made a model with a pair of counter-rotating rotors, using turkey's flight feathers as rotor blades, and in 1784, demonstrated it to the French Academy of Sciences. Sir George Cayley, influenced by a childhood fascination with the Chinese flying top, grew up to develop a model of feathers, similar to Launoy and Bienvenu, but powered by rubber bands. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and springs for power. His writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers.
In July 1754, Mikhail Lomonosov demonstrated a small coaxial rotor to the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was powered by a spring and suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments. In 1783, Christian de Launoy, and his mechanic, Bienvenu, made a model with a pair of counter-rotating rotors, using turkey's flight feathers as rotor blades, and in 1784, demonstrated it to the French Academy of Sciences. Sir George Cayley, influenced by a childhood fascination with the Chinese flying top, grew up to develop a model of feathers, similar to Launoy and Bienvenu, but powered by rubber bands. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and springs for power. His writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers.
In 1861, the word "helicopter" was coined by Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt, a French inventor who demonstrated a small, steam-powered model. While celebrated as an innovative use of a new metal, aluminum, the model never lifted off the ground. It was the first of its type that rose to a height of 13 meters (43 ft), where it remained for some 20 seconds after a vertical take-off from a park in Milan, in 1877. Emmanuel Dieuaide's steam-powered design featured counter-rotating rotors powered through a hose from a boiler on the ground. Dandrieux's design had counter-rotating rotors and a 7.7-pound (3.5-kilogram) steam engine. It rose more than 40 feet (12 m) and flew for 20 seconds circa 1878.
In 1885, Thomas Edison was given US$1,000 by James Gordon Bennett, Jr., to conduct experiments towards developing flight. Edison built a helicopter and used the paper for a stock ticker to create guncotton, with which he attempted to power an internal combustion engine. The helicopter was damaged by explosions and one of his workers was badly burned. Edison reported that it would take a motor with a ratio of three to four pounds per horsepower produced to be successful, based on his experiments. Ján Bahýľ, a Slovak inventor, adapted the internal combustion engine to power his helicopter model that reached a height of 0.5 meters (1.6 ft) in 1901. On 5 May 1905, his helicopter reached four meters (13 ft) in altitude and flew for over 1,500 meters (4,900 ft). In 1908, Edison patented his own design for a helicopter powered by a gasoline engine with box kites attached to a mast by cables for a rotor, but it never flew.
In 1885, Thomas Edison was given US$1,000 by James Gordon Bennett, Jr., to conduct experiments towards developing flight. Edison built a helicopter and used the paper for a stock ticker to create guncotton, with which he attempted to power an internal combustion engine. The helicopter was damaged by explosions and one of his workers was badly burned. Edison reported that it would take a motor with a ratio of three to four pounds per horsepower produced to be successful, based on his experiments. Ján Bahýľ, a Slovak inventor, adapted the internal combustion engine to power his helicopter model that reached a height of 0.5 meters (1.6 ft) in 1901. On 5 May 1905, his helicopter reached four meters (13 ft) in altitude and flew for over 1,500 meters (4,900 ft). In 1908, Edison patented his own design for a helicopter powered by a gasoline engine with box kites attached to a mast by cables for a rotor, but it never flew.
THE HELICOPTER
A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each rotor consisting of two or more rotor blades. Helicopters are classified as rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish them from fixed-wing aircraft because the helicopter achieves lift with the rotor blades which rotate around a mast. The word 'helicopter' is adapted from the French hélicoptère, coined by Gustave de Ponton d'Amecourt in 1861, which originates from the Greek helix/helik- (ἕλικ-) = 'spiral' or 'turning' and pteron (πτερόν) = 'wing'.
The primary advantage of a helicopter is from the rotor which provides lift without the aircraft needing to move forward, allowing the helicopter to take off and land vertically without a runway. For this reason, helicopters are often used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft cannot take off or land. The lift from the rotor also allows the helicopter to hover in one area more efficiently than other forms of vertical take-off and landing aircraft, allowing it to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft cannot perform.
The primary advantage of a helicopter is from the rotor which provides lift without the aircraft needing to move forward, allowing the helicopter to take off and land vertically without a runway. For this reason, helicopters are often used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft cannot take off or land. The lift from the rotor also allows the helicopter to hover in one area more efficiently than other forms of vertical take-off and landing aircraft, allowing it to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft cannot perform.
Although helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, some even reaching limited production, it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Even though most previous designs used more than one main rotor, it was the single main rotor with antitorque tail rotor configuration of this design that would come to be recognized worldwide as the helicopter.
THE AVIONETS
An avionet is a light aircraft, an aircraft that has a maximum gross take-off weightt of 12,500 lb (5,670 kg) or less.
Many aircraft used commercially for freight, sightseeing, photography and scheduled flights are light aircraft.
Examples of light aircraft include the entire range of Cessnaa propeller driven aircraft from the Cessna 1200 up to and including the Cessna Caravann; Piper, Beechcraft and Cirrus aircraft; GA8 Airvan; Aviat Husky and the Robin DR400.
Many aircraft used commercially for freight, sightseeing, photography and scheduled flights are light aircraft.
Examples of light aircraft include the entire range of Cessnaa propeller driven aircraft from the Cessna 1200 up to and including the Cessna Caravann; Piper, Beechcraft and Cirrus aircraft; GA8 Airvan; Aviat Husky and the Robin DR400.
With a maximum gross take off weight of 12,500 lbs, the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter is an example of the upper limit of the category of light aircraft.
THE AIRPLANES
An airplane is a flying machine.
Less than 100 years ago, even the fastest ship took more than a week to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Today most jet airliners (large passenger planes) can make this 4,800-km (3,000-mile) journey in less than seven hours. Airplane are the fastest way to travel because they can soar straight over obstacles such as mountains and ocean. Modern airplane are packed with advanced technology to help fly safely and economically at great speed. Sophisticated electronic control computer-designed wing help cut fuel costs. And airframes are made of metal alloys and plastic composites that are lightweight and strong.
Airplanes are sometimes called just 'planes. All airplanes have wings. Gliders are airplanes that do not have engines.
L' AVIACIÓ
L'aviació es va iniciar a principis del segle XX. Va començar amb els primitius aeroplans, després va passar a les avionetes, helicòpters, avions de passatgers, avions de reacció i els avions supersònics.
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